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Skopje 2014

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View of the buildings finished after the 1963 earthquake (2014).

Skopje 2014 (Macedonian: Скопје 2014) was a project financed by the Macedonian government of the then-ruling nationalist party VMRO-DPMNE, with the official purpose of giving the capital Skopje a more classical appeal but designed more earthquake-proof.[1] The project, officially announced in 2010, consisted mainly of the construction of colleges, museums and government buildings, as well as the erection of monuments depicting historical figures from the region of Macedonia. Around 20 buildings and over 40 monuments were to be constructed as part of the project.[2]

The project was seen as politically controversial in its nature and as a nation-building endeavour, as it tried to further impose Macedonian historiography, promoting a Macedonian identity with unbroken continuity from antiquity over the Middle Ages to the modern times.[3] It was one of the several major initiatives taken by the VMRO-DPMNE government in accordance with the policy of antiquization.[4] It relied on a set of nondemocratic mechanisms aiming to expand the political dominance of that party and to leave its enduring stamp on city’s urban environment.[5] Skopje 2014 has also generated controversy for its cost, for which estimates range from 80 to 500 million euros.[6][7]

The Skopje 2014 project encompassed the construction, from 2010 to 2014, of 136 structures built at a cost of more than US$700 million.[8]

Macedonia Square after the addition of many monuments and façade reconstructions

Background

[edit]
The National Theatre and Kale Fortress before the 1963 earthquake
View toward Macedonia Square from the Stone Bridge in July 2011. Visible are the statues of Dame Gruev, Goce Delčev, Tsar Samuil, and the under construction Warrior on a Horse monument

The 1963 Skopje earthquake destroyed approximately 80% of the city, including most of the neoclassical buildings in the central part of Skopje.[9] The rebuilding that followed saw the construction of mostly plain modernist architecture. This is one of the reasons given by the VMRO-DPMNE government for the necessity of the project, to give Skopje a more monumental and visually pleasing image. Another reason is to restore the missing sense of national pride and create a more metropolitan atmosphere.[10] In a speech at the opening of Porta Macedonia in January 2012, then Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski stated that Skopje 2014 was his idea.[11]

Criticism

[edit]
See also: Antiquization and Macedonian historiography

The Skopje 2014 project has been criticized by various groups since the time it was first announced. The cost of the project is estimated at anywhere from 80 to more than 500 million euros[12][13] and is seen by many as a waste of resources in a country with high unemployment and poverty. The project is also believed by critics to be a distraction from these problems.[10]

The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia, the main opposition party, opposes the project and has alleged that the monuments could have cost six to ten times less than what the government paid.[14]

The project is seen as a part of the government's "antiquisation" policy, in which the country seeks to claim ancient Macedonian figures like Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon for itself. The timing of the project, following the country's non-invitation to NATO due to its continued naming dispute with Greece, has led to speculation that it is retaliation or an attempt to put pressure on Greece.[15] Some residents see the scheme as the embodiment of nationalism by a conservative government focused as much on giving the metropolis a facelift as changing the nation's history and have described it as a mini-Las Vegas[16] while others appreciate its classical nod to the past.[17]

Sam Vaknin, a former adviser to Nikola Gruevski, has stated that the project is not anti-Greek or anti-Bulgarian, but anti-Albanian. In an interview, he said "Antiquisation has a double goal, which is to marginalise the Albanians and create an identity that will not allow Albanians to become Macedonians."[15][18] To shift attention from Albanians being absent from the Skopje 2014 project, the Macedonian government agreed to fund Skanderbeg Square built around the existing Skanderbeg monument in the part of Skopje with a majority Albanian population.[18] Later additions to the Skopje 2014 project were made that included depictions of ethnic Albanians in the monuments such as Nexhat Agolli, Josif Bageri, and Pjetër Bogdani, as well as others on the Art Bridge.

Architects have criticized the aesthetics of the project and believe the money could have been spent on constructing modern buildings.[10] It has also been described as nationalist kitsch[19][20] which "brings unknown history" to the citizens[21] and former prime minister Zoran Zaev has labeled it an "idiotic project".[22]

2018

[edit]

In late February 2018, the government and institutions of the Republic of Macedonia announced the halt of the Skopje 2014 program and began removing its controversial monuments and statues. The Macedonian Ministry of Culture also has set up a Commission to envisage the possibility of removing the rest of them, such as the monuments of Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon. As a first step, the monument of Andon Kyoseto, which was one of the mostly disputed monuments of the project, was dismantled.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] In June 2018, the Macedonian Government announced that the monuments would be renamed and marked with inscriptions honouring Greek-Macedonian friendship.[30] The monument of Boris Sarafov was also dismantled without explanation in 2018 by municipal authorities.

Condition of monuments

[edit]

As of July 13, 2021, it was reported that some of the monuments of the “Skopje 2014” revamp were already crumbling. Cracks and crevices are visible in many of them, exposing use of poor building materials, and that the damage would be worse if an earthquake rages over Skopje again.[31]

Plans

[edit]

Bridges

[edit]

New bridge constructions

[edit]
Art Bridge
[edit]
Main article: Art Bridge

The Skopje 2014 project calls for two new pedestrian bridges to be built across the Vardar in the centre of the city. One is the Art Bridge, which is being constructed between the Freedom Bridge and the also under-construction Eye Bridge. It is expected to cost 2.5 million euros. The bridge will include 29 sculptures, with 14 at each end and one in the centre. It will be 83 metres (272.3 feet) in length and 9.2 m (30.2 ft) in width, while the central part of the bridge will be 12 m (39.4 ft) wide.[32]

Eye Bridge
[edit]

The other bridge being constructed as part of the project is the Eye Bridge. Situated between the Stone Bridge and the under-construction Art Bridge, it began construction in 2011. The pedestrian bridge will include 28 sculptures and will cost around 1.5 million euros.[33]

Existing bridge renovations

[edit]
Freedom Bridge
[edit]
Aerial view of the renovated Goce Delčev Bridge

The project also includes plans to renovate existing bridges in central Skopje, one of which is the Freedom Bridge, which connects Vojvoda Vasil Adžilarski Street in Centar Municipality to Stiv Naumov Street in Čair Municipality. First constructed in 1936, the renovation began in 2011 and is expected to be completed in May, 2014. The total cost will be roughly 1.15 million euros.[34]

Goce Delčev Bridge
[edit]

The renovation of the Goce Delčev Bridge, which connects Ilinden Boulevard in Centar to Goce Delčev Boulevard in Čair across the Vardar, began on April 11, 2011[35] and finished later in the year. The renovation included new gold-coloured fencing and 26 lampposts. The project cost roughly 500,000 euros, including 60,000 euros for the new lighting.[36] Four statues depicting lions, two at each end, were also placed on the bridge in 2010. The ones on the western side were cast in Florence and cost 1.5 million euros.[37]

Revolution Bridge
[edit]

The Revolution Bridge, first built in 1963 across the Vardar connecting Kočo Racin Boulevard in Centar to Krste Misirkov Boulevard in Čair, was also renovated as part of the Skopje 2014 project. It began on December 9, 2010 and was completed in May, 2011. The renovation included basic repairs as well as the installation of 22 lampposts and iron-wrought fencing. The renovation cost 450,000 euros.[38]

Cultural buildings

[edit]

Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra hall

[edit]

Notable in Skopje 2014 for its bold modern architecture as opposed to the usual neoclassical style seen in the project, the under-construction concert hall to house the Macedonian Philharmonic Orchestra is one of the first buildings to begin construction in the project, with the cornerstone having been laid in June 2009. The exterior of the building is nearing completion. The concert hall is planned to have excellent acoustics and will have a capacity of 900 seats.[39]

Museum of Archaeology

[edit]
The completed Museum of Archaeology

The Museum of Archaeology began construction in 2009 and opened in September, 2014.[40] Although the building primarily serves as a museum, it also houses the Constitutional Court and the National Archive of the Republic of Macedonia. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Vardar, across the river from Macedonia Square. The exterior of the museum is among the more monumental buildings of the project, with its Greek Revival architecture.[41] VMRO-DPMNE, the ruling party, states the budget for the construction as 436,000,000 denars.[42]

Museum of the Macedonian Struggle

[edit]
The completed Museum of the Macedonian Struggle
Main article: Museum of the Macedonian Struggle (Skopje)

The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle for Statehood and Independence − Museum of VMRO and Museum of the Victims of the Communist Regime exhibits the strive for an independent Macedonian nation from the Ottoman Empire and later Yugoslavia. It is divided into 16 departments and includes over 100 wax figures of historical individuals. The museum lies on the eastern bank of the Vardar River just northwest of the Museum of Archaeology, opposite Macedonia Square. Construction began in June 2008 and it formally opened on September 10, 2011. The total cost of the museum, which covers 2,500 m2 (26,909.8 ft2), was roughly 10 million euros.[43]

The completed National Theatre

National Theatre

[edit]

The former National Theatre destroyed in the 1963 Skopje earthquake will be completely reconstructed, as part of the Skopje 2014 project. Construction of the building, however, began in December 2007, three years before the official announcing of Skopje 2014. Construction was originally planned to be completed in 2009, though it ended up being completed a few years after.[44] The theatre stands on its original location on the eastern bank of the Vardar. The cost is estimated to be at least 6 million euros[45] and may be as high as 30 million euros.[2]

Façade reconstructions

[edit]
Reconstructed façades near Macedonia Square

The Skopje 2014 project also includes plans to transform the façades of existing buildings in central Skopje into the neoclassical style. This includes the following buildings:

  • Buildings along Dimitrija Čupovski Street[46]
  • Buildings along Macedonia Street[46]
  • Buildings along Nikola Vapcarov Street[46]
  • Buildings around Macedonia Square[47]
  • City Trade Center[48]
  • Department of Transport and Communications Building, located on Karpoš's Rebellion Square.[49]
  • Government of the Republic of Macedonia building. The new façade appearance choice for this building was made by the Macedonian public through online votes on the government's website. There were five choices and the neoclassical choice won a plurality.[50]
  • MEPSO Building, located north of Macedonia Square.[51]
  • Ministry of Justice building[52]
  • Parliament building. The renovation of the Parliament also includes the construction of cupolas atop the building.[53]

Government buildings

[edit]

The following are new buildings being constructed to house various governmental functions.

Agency for Electronic Communications

[edit]
Agency for Electronic Communications (right)

The cornerstone for the new building to house the Agency for Electronic Communications was laid on 30 March 2011. It is being constructed on the eastern bank of the Vardar in between two other Skopje 2014 buildings, the Museum of Archaeology and the Financial Police Building.[54]

The total cost of the building's construction is around 8.5 million euros, which the government claims will be fully funded by the Agency's budget. It is expected to be completed in 15 months or by the late summer of 2012.[55]

Criminal Court Building

[edit]

A new Criminal Court Building is being constructed as part of the project. The cornerstone for the building was laid on 25 May 2010. The building, 10 stories tall, has been topped out. In it will be 74 judicial offices, 22 high courts, and 2 large courtrooms. The 2-story basement will contain parking. The building, reported to cost 8.3 million euros, was planned to be completed after 18 months of construction.[56]

Financial Police Building

[edit]
The completed Financial Police and Ministry of Foreign Affairs buildings

On 11 October 2010 the cornerstone for the new building to house the Financial Police of the Republic of Macedonia was laid. The site is located between the new Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the new Agency for Electronic Communications. The building, currently several months from completion, is cylindrical in shape and is capped by a dome-shaped roof. The total cost of construction will be roughly 13 million euros.[57]

Ministry of Finance

[edit]

The government, in March 2011, invested 8.9 million euros into transforming an abandoned uncompleted building in central Skopje into a new home for the Ministry of Finance. Like the other governmental buildings in Skopje 2014, it will have a neoclassical appearance. Though it was scheduled to be completed in the first quarter of 2012, the building remains far from completion.[58]

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

[edit]

Construction of the new Ministry of Foreign Affairs building began in January 2010. It is located on the eastern bank of the Vardar between the Financial Police Building and Stiv Naumov Street. It will have two basement levels, seven above-ground levels, and a terrace atop the building. The building, which is nearly complete on the exterior, stands at a height of 27 m (88.6 ft) and will have costed 13.5 million euros when completed.[59]

New City Hall

[edit]

A new city hall for Skopje is being constructed below the Kale Fortress, on the eastern bank of the Vardar. It is being constructed, as most other buildings in the project, in the neoclassical style and will cost roughly 15 million euros. It will be 21 m (68.9 ft) tall, with six above-ground floors.[60]

Old City Hall

[edit]

Although a new city hall for Skopje is being constructed, the former one destroyed in the 1963 Skopje earthquake will be fully reconstructed, as part of the Skopje 2014 project. It will be built on its original location at the north side of Macedonia Square, to the west of the Vardar Quay. A Greek investor will be building the Old City Hall, as well as a Marriott Hotel to the immediate left of the building, after purchasing the land in March 2011.[61]

Water Management Building

[edit]

Among the buildings being constructed below the Kale Fortress on the eastern bank of the Vardar is the Water Management Building. Construction of the building began in December 2011. It is expected to be completed in 3 years at a cost of 10 million euros.[62][63]

Monuments

[edit]

Justinian I

[edit]
Justinian I monument

The monument of Justinian I, born in Tauresium just outside modern Skopje, arrived at Macedonia Square on June 16, 2011. Similar to the monument of Tsar Samuil, also on Macedonia Square, it consists of Justinian I sitting on a throne, which is placed on a pedestal. The monument is made of white marble with the exception of the bronze reliefs on the pedestal, also characteristics it shares with the Tsar Samuil monument. The pedestal is 3.5 m (11.5 ft) tall, while Justinian upon his throne measures a further 5 m (16.4 ft) in height.

The monument sits just north of the Stone Bridge, at the western bank of the Vardar River. It was made in Florence and cost over 1 million euros.[64]

Sculpted by hand in the Pietro Bazzanti e Figlio Art Gallery in Florence.

Mother Teresa

[edit]

The construction of a monument consisting of a statue of Skopje native Mother Teresa and a fountain is planned. The monument will be located near the MEPSO building, which is north of Macedonia Square near the Vardar Quay, though location on the roundabout near the Goce Delčev Bridge is also a possibility. It is planned to stand around 30 m (98.4 ft) in height, even taller than the Warrior on a Horse monument.

It has been reported that a donation from India will fund the construction of the new Mother Teresa monument, who is already memorialized in the city with the Memorial House of Mother Teresa and a plaque marking the spot of her birth.[65]

Pavilion at Macedonia Square

[edit]
The Pavilion at Macedonia Square

The Pavilion at Macedonia Square is situated on the north side of Macedonia Square. Construction began in early 2011 and was completed later that year at a cost of 350,000 euros.[66] The pavilion consists of a dome supported by several columns, covering a statue of a romantic couple.

Porta Macedonia

[edit]
Porta Macedonia
Main article: Porta Macedonia

One of the main symbols of the project is Porta Macedonia, a triumphal arch situated on 11 October Street, near Macedonia Square. The arch is meant to commemorate the long struggle for Macedonian independence. It is 21 m (68.9 ft) tall and contains 32 reliefs carved on the outside, depicting events from pre-history to the independence of the Republic of Macedonia. The inside of the arch consists of two levels, in which a souvenir shop and a gallery are located, and a rooftop observation deck. It formally opened to the public on Christmas Eve, January 6, 2012. The construction of Porta Macedonia is estimated at 4.5 million euros.[67]

Tsar Samuil

[edit]
Tsar Samuil monument

The monument to Samuel of Bulgaria is among the new focal points of Macedonia Square. Officially unveiled on 28 June 2011, it is situated in front of the Pelister building, to the right of where Macedonia Street meets Macedonia Square.[68]

The monument, mostly in white marble, consists of a depiction of Tsar Samuil sitting on a throne, totaling 5 m (16.4 ft) in height, and is placed on a pedestal which itself is a further 3.5 m (11.5 ft) tall. The reliefs on the sides of the pedestal are bronze. Tsar Samuil, in the monument, holds a scepter. Made in Florence, sculpted by hand in the Pietro Bazzanti e Figlio Art Gallery, the total cost of the Tsar Samuil monument was roughly 3.5 million euros.[69]

Samuil's empire was centred within the territories of today's North Macedonia with Skopje and later Ohrid being the empire's capital.[70] The fringe theory Samuil being the first Tsar of the Macedonian Slavs is held mainly in North Macedonia.[71] This view is ahistorical, as it projects modern ethnic distinctions into the past.[72]

Warrior monument

[edit]
Warrior monument

On the opposite side of the Stone Bridge from Macedonia Square is Karpoš's Rebellion Square, which serves as a main entrance to the Old Bazaar. It is undergoing a major reconstruction, as part of Skopje 2014, and its new centerpiece will be the statue and fountain officially named "Warrior," though it is widely believed that the statue is a depiction of Philip II of Macedon, not to be confused with the equestrian statue of Philip II in Skopje's Avtokomanda neighborhood. The statue was placed onto the square on 22 May 2012.

Made in Vicenza, the statue is 15 m (49.2 ft) tall and is placed on a 13 m (42.7 ft) tall pedestal. The entire monument will cost roughly 2 million euros.[73]

Warrior on a Horse monument

[edit]
Warrior on a Horse monument

Perhaps the main symbol of the Skopje 2014 project is the Warrior on a Horse (Macedonian: Воин на коњ) statue and fountain in the centre of Macedonia Square. It was typically thought to depict Alexander the Great, though it was not officially named for him.[74][75][76] A plaque was later added to the statue which confirmed that the statue was dedicated to Alexander the Great.[77]

The statue was sculpted by Valentina Stevanovska and cast in bronze with lost wax casting technique in the Ferdinando Marinelli Artistic Foundry of Florence.

"Alexander" was officially completed on September 8, 2011 to commemorate 20 years of the independence of the Republic of Macedonia. It is 14.5 m (47.6 ft) tall and it sits on a cylindrical column, which itself is 10 m (32.8 ft) in height. The column consists of three large ivory sections, each separated by a thinner bronze ring. Each section contains reliefs. The column stands in a fountain. At the base of the column are 8 bronze soldiers, each 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. There are also 8 bronze lions, each 2.5 m (8.3 ft) tall, around the edges of the fountain pool, four of which act as part of the fountain, releasing water from their mouths. The fountain also plays music.[78]

The total cost of the Warrior on a Horse monument is roughly 7.5 million euros.[79]

Other monuments

[edit]

Aside from the major monuments in the Skopje 2014 above, many other ones have been erected, or are planned to be erected in the city. These include the following:

Person/group
depicted 		Estimated
cost (€) 		Location Reference Image
Nexhat Agolli Kej 13-ti Noemvri, in front of Makedonski Telekom headquarters
[80]
Todor Aleksandrov 350,000 Češma Park, Municipality of Kisela Voda
[81][82]
Metodija Andonov-Čento 800,000 Macedonia Square, in front of Trend building
[83]
ASNOM 1.9 million Žena Borec Park, across 11 October Street from Parliament Building
[84]
Josif Bageri in front of National Theatre
[80]
Gemidzii 970,000 Macedonia Square, on Vardar Quay
[85]
Pjetër Bogdani Macedonia Square, near end of Stone Bridge
[80]
Vasil Čakalarov 330,000 at intersection of Metropolitan Theodosius Gologanov Boulevard and Kosturski Heroi Street
[86]
Dimitrija Čupovski 80,000 – 141,000 Macedonia Square
[66][87]
Defenders of Macedonia
(Fallen soldiers of the Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia) 		232,800 – 320,000 Žena Borec Park
[66][88]
Goce Delčev 850,000 Macedonia Square, at end of Stone Bridge
[89]
Dame Gruev 850,000 Macedonia Square, at end of Stone Bridge
[89]
Pitu Guli 118,192 opposite the Parliament Building, Žena Borec Park
[90][91]
Fallen Heroes of Macedonia 2.3 million Žena Borec Park
[92]
Founders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization 1.2 million Žena Borec Park
[90]
Fountain of the Mothers of Macedonia Karpoš's Rebellion Square
[49]
Horses Fountain Karpoš's Rebellion Square
[93]
Kuzman Josifovski-Pitu near Defenders of Macedonia monument
[80]
Nikola Karev 715,000 in front of Parliament Building
[94]
Karpoš 540,000 eastern bank of Vardar, in front of Museum of Archaeology
[95]
Krste Misirkov 170,000 – 180,000 Krste Misirkov Park, near Appellate Court
[66][96]
Gjorče Petrov 350,000 Municipality of Gjorče Petrov
[97]
Warrior Monument 330,000 Avtokomanda
[98]
Dimitar Popgeorgiev 67,000 Macedonia Square, in front of Narodna Banka Building
[90]
Gjorgji Pulevski 142,000 eastern bank of Vardar, in front of Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, just north of Stone Bridge
[99]
Saints Clement and Naum of Ohrid 580,000 eastern bank of Vardar, at end of Stone Bridge
[100]
Saints Cyril and Methodius 540,000 eastern bank of Vardar, at end of Stone Bridge
[100]
Jane Sandanski 250,000 Municipality of Aerodrom
[101]
Boris Sarafov near the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The monument was dismantled in 2018 by the municipal authorities.
[102]
Pavel Šatev near the City Trade Center and Porta Macedonia
[80]
Hristo Tatarčev near intersection of Dimitrija Čupovski and 11 October Streets, near Porta Macedonia
[80]
Hristo Uzunov 120,000 opposite Ministry of Justice, on Dimitrija Čupovski Street
[86]

Miscellaneous

[edit]

Docked boats in Vardar River

[edit]
One of building-boats in the Vardar River

The first of four building-boats as restaurants and cafes just in the Vardar River opened in July 2014. The boats are erected into the riverbed and, thus, will remain in their planned spots permanently. The boats, all to be situated in central Skopje, were intended to be in the Baroque style.[103][104]

Ferris wheel

[edit]

The erection of a Ferris wheel is foreseen on the Vardar River. It will require the construction of a new pedestrian bridge, to run from the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle to the MEPSO Building, upon which it will stand. No final plan for the project has been approved.[105]

In 2020, following the cancellation of construction on the Ferris wheel, the completed bridge was opened to pedestrians.[106]

Fountains in Vardar River

[edit]

The addition of fountains on the Vardar River was planned early on in the project. They were completed in 2010. The fountains have been criticized for reportedly releasing mud, as well as for acting as a filter for trash flowing down the river.[107]

Kale Fortress reconstruction

[edit]

Director of Cultural Heritage and archaeologist Pasko Kuzman has announced a plan to restore and reconstruct the Kale Fortress. The plan also includes the construction of a museum to house Byzantine archaeological finds from the fortress, as well as reconstructions of a prehistoric house and an Ottoman guard tower to be built on the place of their ruins. Souvenir shops and cafes are also foreseen additions. The most controversial part of the restoration of the fortress is the construction of a church, which has been protested by ethnic Albanians.[108]

Karpoš's Rebellion Square reconstruction

[edit]

Karpoš's Rebellion Square is situated opposite the Vardar River of Macedonia Square and is undergoing a significant reconstruction. Plans include the erection of a statue and fountain depicting Philip II of Macedon, though officially named "Warrior," at the far northeast side of the square. Another monument consisting of a fountain and statues representing the Mothers of Macedonia is being constructed in front of the Warrior monument. In front of this will be two monuments, also consisting of a fountain and statues, depicting horses. The two will be situated on either side of the entrance to the square from the Stone Bridge.[109]

Office building on Macedonia Square

[edit]
The office building

A new office building was constructed on the south side of Macedonia Square, on the Vardar Quay. It stands on the same place as the former headquarters of the National Bank, which was destroyed in the 1963 Skopje earthquake. The new office building is similar in shape to the former bank building, though it is not in the neoclassical style, which also makes it somewhat unusual in the Skopje 2014 project.[110]

Skanderbeg Square

[edit]
Main article: Skanderbeg Square, Skopje
Macedonian Opera

An existing statue of Skanderbeg, an important historical figure to ethnic Albanians, is the main fixture of a square that bears his name in Skopje's Čair Municipality. The square's total cost is estimated at around 10 million euros and was completed in 2018. The square covers 28,000 m2 (301,389 ft2) and extends from the Macedonian Philharmonic and Macedonian Opera to the Old Bazaar. To accommodate construction a portion of the square was built on top of Goce Delčev Boulevard. Aside from plenty open space, the square contains an amphitheatre, a fountain, and underground parking.[111][112]

One of the Vardar River fountains

Other

[edit]
Double decker buses

Other components of Skopje 2014 include the following:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skopje 2014.
  1. ^ EastWest Institute (2000). Jonathan P. Stein, ed. The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-Communist Europe: State-Building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization. M.E. Sharpe. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-7656-0528-3.
  2. ^ a b Marusic, Sinisa. "Skopje 2014 Forges Ahead Despite Macedonian Crisis". Skopje: Balkan Story. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  3. ^ Janev, G. (2015). ‘Skopje 2014’: erasing memories, building history. In M. Couroucli, & T. Marinov (Eds.), Balkan heritages: Negotiating history and culture (pp. 111-130). Taylor & Francis, 2017, ISBN 1134800754.
  4. ^ Bechev, Dimitar (2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
  5. ^ Staletović, B. (2022). Captured City: Authoritarianism, Urban Space and Project Skopje 2014. Nationalities Papers, 1-20. doi:10.1017/nps.2022.98
  6. ^ Bugjevac, Dejan (2007). "СКОПЈЕ ЌЕ УМРЕ ОД НЕВКУС". Globus (in Macedonian). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  7. ^ Koteska, Jasna (29 December 2011). "Troubles with History: Skopje 2014". Art Margins Online. Republic of Macedonia. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  8. ^ The New York Times International Edition, October 14, 2016, pg. 19
  9. ^ Marking the 44th anniversary of the catastrophic 1963 Skopje earthquake Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine MRT, Thursday, 26 July 2007
  10. ^ a b c Marusic, Siniša (11 May 2012). "Skopje 2014: The new face of Macedonia, updated". Skopje: BalkanInsight. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  11. ^ "PM Gruevski: Yes, Skopje 2014 was my Idea". MINA. 7 January 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  12. ^ Is Macedonia's capital being turned into a theme park?, CNN, October 10, 2011
  13. ^ Macedonian Culture Strategy: Milestone or Wish List?, BalkanInsight, 15 Nov 12
  14. ^ "SDSM Allegations at Government on Skopje 2014 Project". Skopje: SkopjeDiem. 30 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  15. ^ a b Ghosts of the past endanger Macedonia's future. Boris Georgievski, BalkanInsight, October 27, 2009 [1].
  16. ^ The Guardian, Macedonia statue: Alexander the Great or a warrior on a horse?, Sunday 14 August 2011
  17. ^ The Changing Face of Skopje, Euronews.com, May 5, 2011
  18. ^ a b Stefoska, Irena; Stojanov, Darko (2017). "A tale in stone and bronze: old/new strategies for political mobilization in the Republic of Macedonia" (PDF). Nationalities Papers. 45 (3): 364. doi:10.1080/00905992.2017.1308346.
  19. ^ Maria Couroucli and Tchavdar Marinov eds., Balkan Heritages: Negotiating History and Culture, British School at Athens - Modern Greek and Byzantine Studies, Taylor & Francis, 2017, ISBN 1134800754, p. 218.
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